Rare earth powder metallurgy additive Samarium metal powder CAS 7440-19-9 High-Entropy Alloys

Samarium occurs as silver-coloured solid/foils or grey powder and is an odourless, flammable, and water-reactive solid. All forms of samarium are known to react with dilute acids emitting flammable/explosive hydrogen gas. Samarium on contact with water reacts and liberates extremely flammable gases. Samarium is incompatible with strong acids, strong oxidising agents, and halogens. The major commercial application of samarium is in samarium–cobalt magnets. These magnets possess permanent magnetisation property. Samarium compounds have been shown to withstand significantly higher temperatures, above 700°C, without losing their magnetic properties. The radioactive isotope samarium-153 is the major component of the drug samarium 153Sm lexidronam (Quadramet). These are used in the treatment of cancers of lung, prostate, and breast and osteosarcoma. Samarium is also used in the catalysis of chemical reactions, radioactive dating, and in x-ray laser. Samarium is used as a catalyst in certain organic reactions: Samarium iodide (SmI2) is used by organic research chemists to make synthetic versions of natural products. Samarium occurs with concentration up to 2.8% in several minerals including cerite, gadolinite, samarskite, monazite, and bastn?site, the last two being the most common commercial sources of the element. These minerals are mostly found in China, the United States, Brazil, India, Sri Lanka, and Australia; China is by far the world leader in samarium mining and production. Radioactive isotope samarium-153 is the major component of the drug samarium (153Sm) lexidronam (Quadramet), which kills cancer cells in the treatment of lung cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, and osteosarcoma. The isotope, samarium-149, is a strong neutron absorber and is therefore added to the control rods of nuclear reactors. Samaria oxide is used for making special infrared-adsorbing glass and cores of carbon arc-lamp oxide electrodes and as a catalyst for the dehydration and dehydrogenation of ethanol. Its compound with cobalt (SmCo5) is used in making a new permanent magnet material. Samarium has no biological role, but it has been noted to stimulate metabolism. Soluble samarium salts are mildly toxic by ingestion, and there are health hazards associated with these because exposure to samarium causes skin and eye irritation. One of the most important applications of samarium is in samarium–cobalt magnets, which have a nominal composition of SmCo5 or Sm2Co17. They have high permanent magnetisation, which is about 10,000 times that of iron and is second only to that of neodymium magnets. Samarium is easy to magnetize, but very difficult to demagnetize. This makes it ideal forthe manufacture of permanent magnets (SmCo5) that are part of the hard disks for computers.Samarium is also used as a neutron absorber in nuclear reactors, as well as for lasers andmetallurgical research. It makes up about 1% of the metals in misch metal, an alloy in cigarettelighter flints. It is also one of several rare-earths used in floodlights and carbon-arc lights usedby the motion picture industry. Samarium is used as a catalyst in several industries, includingthe dehydrogenation of ethanol alcohol. Arylsulfonyl chlorides and arylsulfinates are reduced by a combination of samarium and titanium(IV) chloride to make diaryl disulfides. It is a neutron absorber, dopant for laser crystals.